When you level up, you get two types of points: Ability Points (AP) and Skill Points (SP).
Each class has a single stat into which all its AP need to go (except Xenon). You have a convenient "auto-assign" button on your Stats window for that. If, as a warrior, you have been putting AP into DEX or INT, you have been wasting your AP. They need to all be in STR. If you want to give it some kind of real-world rationale, then the STR gives you the strength to swing your heavy weapon more effectively. The weapon itself doesn't get any stronger.
SP, or skill points, are what controls the skill power. The more skill points you put into an attacking skill, the more damage it does per hit (using the same weapon and character stats). INT does absolutely nothing for you as a warrior, it doesn't increase skill damage.
Generally speaking, the damage formula for a warrior goes something like this:
damage_range = C * STR * ATT * (potential_buffs)
Where
- damage_range is what is shown in your Stats window as "Damage" (either min or max)
- C is various constants that you can't change
- STR is your STR stat (for other classes it would be their main stat. For example, for thieves, it's LUK all the way)
- ATT is the total "ATT" stat on your equipment and your buff skills
- (potential_buffs) is additional buffs that come from your gear, and we can ignore them for the sake of this discussion
The damage per hit is simply:
damage_per_hit = damage_range * skill_%
So if, for example, your DAMAGE displayed in your Stats window is 2000~3000 and your skill says it hits 150%, then each hit will be between 3000 and 4500 (less a reduction due to enemy defense, and with a possible bonus if you're close to enemy level).
Maplestory is very simplistic in its use of stats. There is no real-world or even D&D logic to it.